WEBVTT 00:00:04.380 --> 00:00:07.500 Susan: Below the surface of our ocean, lakes, and coastlines 00:00:07.560 --> 00:00:09.740 lies evidence of our human past. 00:00:12.490 --> 00:00:17.380 Archaeological objects and sites add to our understanding of history and culture. 00:00:18.090 --> 00:00:21.539 These remains are part of our collective maritime heritage, the 00:00:21.540 --> 00:00:24.999 legacy of thousands of years of human interaction with our waterways. 00:00:25.950 --> 00:00:29.479 Maritime heritage includes not only physical materials, like 00:00:29.750 --> 00:00:35.740 shipwrecks and artifacts, but also archival documents, oral histories, 00:00:36.080 --> 00:00:39.850 and indigenous and traditional knowledge, customs, and practices. 00:00:40.780 --> 00:00:45.160 Just like today, people of the past used rivers, lakes, and the ocean 00:00:45.210 --> 00:00:49.910 for many purposes, as a source of food and meaning, for recreation, 00:00:50.170 --> 00:00:55.749 trade, transportation, and migration, and as sites of conflict and war. 00:00:57.119 --> 00:01:00.219 Because of this wide range of activities, Maritime Heritage 00:01:00.219 --> 00:01:01.599 sites come in many forms. 00:01:02.440 --> 00:01:08.000 They can be wreck sites like the remains of a sunken ship or an airplane, or 00:01:08.000 --> 00:01:13.459 landscapes like battlefields, or ancient human settlements flooded over time. 00:01:14.789 --> 00:01:18.839 They can give us a glimpse into the lives of those who lived thousands of years ago 00:01:20.079 --> 00:01:26.390 or during more recent times, and they can be found in shallow coastal waters as well 00:01:26.390 --> 00:01:28.440 as miles below the surface of the ocean. 00:01:29.070 --> 00:01:32.919 These sites and the objects within them can tell us a lot about our 00:01:32.919 --> 00:01:36.189 history and the everyday lives of the people who came before us. 00:01:37.044 --> 00:01:42.425 It's the job of maritime archaeologists to uncover and share these stories, but 00:01:42.425 --> 00:01:46.355 in order to study these materials and places, they first have to find them. 00:01:49.784 --> 00:01:53.335 Archaeologists often look to written records, historical accounts, 00:01:53.594 --> 00:01:57.634 eyewitness testimony and other information to identify possible sites. 00:01:58.214 --> 00:02:01.615 But these sites are often buried beneath the sediment and under hundreds 00:02:01.615 --> 00:02:06.125 of feet of water, making them both hard to find and hard to reach. 00:02:07.265 --> 00:02:11.585 Luckily, advancing technology enables us to detect more clues in 00:02:11.585 --> 00:02:13.065 more and more remote environments. 00:02:14.010 --> 00:02:15.600 Let's consider a few of these tools. 00:02:17.990 --> 00:02:22.720 Sonar systems use sound to detect objects under the water, and can 00:02:22.720 --> 00:02:26.780 be used to locate wrecks and create detailed maps of wreck sites. 00:02:28.090 --> 00:02:31.490 Magnetometers measure changes in Earth's magnetic field. 00:02:31.909 --> 00:02:35.790 By detecting magnetic irregularities, metal objects like anchors or 00:02:35.790 --> 00:02:39.470 cannonballs can be revealed, even if they're completely buried. 00:02:42.220 --> 00:02:45.430 Photogrammetry is the use of overlapping photographs to 00:02:45.430 --> 00:02:46.940 create three dimensional models. 00:02:47.740 --> 00:02:51.740 By digitally preserving a site, scientists can explore it in detail 00:02:51.800 --> 00:02:53.250 without physically disturbing it. 00:02:56.480 --> 00:03:00.410 Technical diving is a more complex and challenging form of scuba diving. 00:03:00.820 --> 00:03:05.070 These divers undergo special training to safely descend to depths beyond 00:03:05.079 --> 00:03:07.190 the recreational limit of 130 feet. 00:03:08.809 --> 00:03:12.880 And remotely operated vehicles, or ROVs, and autonomous underwater 00:03:12.890 --> 00:03:17.424 vehicles, or AUVs, are equipped with high definition video cameras and other 00:03:17.424 --> 00:03:19.795 tools to capture a wide range of data. 00:03:23.345 --> 00:03:26.855 Beyond their historical and cultural significance, maritime heritage 00:03:26.855 --> 00:03:29.165 sites also have ecological impacts. 00:03:29.724 --> 00:03:32.934 Over time, these sites can become an important part of their 00:03:32.934 --> 00:03:34.755 physical environment and ecosystem. 00:03:36.345 --> 00:03:40.605 In fact, shipwrecks are often called hotspots of biodiversity. 00:03:40.995 --> 00:03:44.964 Since over time, they can come to support whole communities of marine life. 00:03:45.594 --> 00:03:48.844 Like an artificial reef, the hard substrate they provide creates 00:03:48.844 --> 00:03:50.714 habitat for organisms to settle on. 00:03:51.244 --> 00:03:54.015 This attracts other life to what might otherwise remain 00:03:54.045 --> 00:03:55.674 a relatively bare seafloor. 00:03:58.695 --> 00:04:02.274 From the study of microbes, corals, and other organisms that take up residence 00:04:02.274 --> 00:04:06.995 on wrecks, to the stories of those lost at sea, our maritime heritage is an 00:04:06.995 --> 00:04:10.874 incredibly broad and interdisciplinary field that can incorporate not 00:04:10.874 --> 00:04:18.500 only archaeology, But also biology, chemistry, geology, and so much more. 00:04:19.620 --> 00:04:24.250 Join us as we talk to Justin Dunavant, a professor at UCLA and co founder of the 00:04:24.250 --> 00:04:28.740 Society of Black Archaeologists, about his experience in the field and thoughts 00:04:28.799 --> 00:04:30.590 on the future of maritime archaeology. 00:04:31.010 --> 00:04:31.820 Welcome, Justin. 00:04:32.159 --> 00:04:32.590 Justin: Thank you. 00:04:32.590 --> 00:04:33.140 It's good to be here. 00:04:33.810 --> 00:04:36.599 Susan: So, Justin, to start off, can you tell us a little bit about 00:04:36.600 --> 00:04:38.060 what drew you to archaeology? 00:04:38.230 --> 00:04:41.490 Were there any particular experiences that inspired or motivated 00:04:41.490 --> 00:04:42.820 you to move in this direction? 00:04:43.350 --> 00:04:44.680 Justin: Yeah, you know, that's a good question. 00:04:44.690 --> 00:04:47.750 I, I started out in archaeology, uh, really after doing a 00:04:47.750 --> 00:04:49.129 study abroad in undergrad. 00:04:49.159 --> 00:04:51.260 I felt it was a good way to sort of explore the world. 00:04:51.534 --> 00:04:54.594 And then as I got deeper into archaeology, I started learning about all the 00:04:54.594 --> 00:04:56.335 histories that we still don't know. 00:04:56.375 --> 00:05:00.164 And I say that because there are many times where we get these 00:05:00.165 --> 00:05:03.375 history books that give us a sort of history of what happened at an 00:05:03.375 --> 00:05:05.265 event or at a site or in a moment. 00:05:05.645 --> 00:05:09.134 But they're often written by the individuals who either won, as 00:05:09.134 --> 00:05:12.645 they say, the victor is the one who writes the history, or they're 00:05:12.645 --> 00:05:14.195 written from a very specific place. 00:05:14.350 --> 00:05:17.310 perspective of an individual who had the opportunity to and the 00:05:17.310 --> 00:05:18.680 ability to write these books. 00:05:19.140 --> 00:05:22.860 So things that would have been considered sort of lesser important 00:05:22.930 --> 00:05:27.029 history tend not to get captured in these archives and in these books. 00:05:27.430 --> 00:05:30.960 Uh, and then the stories and perspectives from individuals who didn't have sort 00:05:30.960 --> 00:05:32.494 of high ranking on these vessels. 00:05:32.655 --> 00:05:33.855 tend to become ignored. 00:05:34.265 --> 00:05:38.035 Maritime archaeology allows us to begin to ask questions about what was it 00:05:38.035 --> 00:05:42.424 like in everyday life for some of these individuals and maybe what are some 00:05:42.424 --> 00:05:45.644 of the maritime history aspects that we need to explore a little further. 00:05:46.015 --> 00:05:49.614 And so that really piqued my interest in getting deeper into archaeology and 00:05:49.614 --> 00:05:51.155 that's what sort of led me down the path. 00:05:51.785 --> 00:05:55.285 Susan: So you've determined a possible search area based on records or 00:05:55.295 --> 00:05:56.795 first hand accounts or other sources. 00:05:57.465 --> 00:05:58.685 What happens next? 00:05:59.055 --> 00:06:01.735 Can you tell us about the process of actually finding a wreck? 00:06:02.345 --> 00:06:05.655 Justin: Yeah, the process of actually locating underwater wrecks 00:06:05.705 --> 00:06:07.545 tends to be a multi phase process. 00:06:07.575 --> 00:06:10.515 And so oftentimes we don't exactly know where a wreck is. 00:06:10.524 --> 00:06:15.304 So we often use tools like multi beam sonar, or we'll use side scan sonar in 00:06:15.304 --> 00:06:20.745 shallower water to actually identify sort of inundations or what we call anomalies. 00:06:20.765 --> 00:06:24.925 And these could just be irregularities that we see. 00:06:25.125 --> 00:06:28.075 We often say in nature, nothing exists in a straight line. 00:06:28.425 --> 00:06:32.335 So if we see nice, clean cut edges or straight lines, we often 00:06:32.344 --> 00:06:34.744 know that it is likely something that's not supposed to be there. 00:06:35.115 --> 00:06:38.755 Um, and then we'll go down and actually in shallower water, dive on those 00:06:38.765 --> 00:06:42.109 anomalies and try to probe around to see if We have visual evidence 00:06:42.109 --> 00:06:44.090 of a wreck in the deeper water. 00:06:44.090 --> 00:06:48.919 I know you all send down these underwater ROVs and are able to get 00:06:48.919 --> 00:06:53.360 visuals, but then also in some cases able to take samples, uh, with those. 00:06:53.370 --> 00:06:57.429 So it's a similar process, just sort of two different mediums that we 00:06:57.430 --> 00:07:01.330 use, uh, when we're exploring some of these anomalies in the second phase. 00:07:02.065 --> 00:07:05.555 Susan: Yeah, so side scan sonar and technical divers in shallow 00:07:05.555 --> 00:07:09.285 waters and multi beam sonar and ROVs in deeper waters. 00:07:09.405 --> 00:07:11.535 Different tools, but similar output. 00:07:11.865 --> 00:07:14.725 So I know you've worked at various maritime heritage sites, 00:07:14.884 --> 00:07:18.644 uh, everywhere from the Pacific to the Caribbean to Alabama. 00:07:19.495 --> 00:07:22.475 What kind of work were you doing when you were in the Pacific? 00:07:22.925 --> 00:07:26.175 Justin: We were really looking and trying to document World War II heritage sites 00:07:26.235 --> 00:07:28.085 underwater off the coast of Hawaii. 00:07:28.784 --> 00:07:32.635 Hawaii didn't actually have a formal battle after Pearl Harbor, but it was the 00:07:32.635 --> 00:07:34.405 site of a number of training missions. 00:07:34.765 --> 00:07:38.404 And as a result of that, a number of vessels, everything from 00:07:38.444 --> 00:07:43.655 aircraft, To tanks, uh, to, to ships themselves actually sank. 00:07:44.015 --> 00:07:46.715 And those were some of the sites we were trying to document. 00:07:48.335 --> 00:07:50.825 And you know, I, I often say it's interesting, people often think, 00:07:50.915 --> 00:07:54.065 you know, the United States, we know these wars happened. 00:07:54.095 --> 00:07:55.775 We know it's so close to our waters. 00:07:56.125 --> 00:07:59.005 Clearly we must have evidence and access to these sites. 00:07:59.005 --> 00:08:02.905 But there are so many undocumented or under documented sites that 00:08:02.905 --> 00:08:04.165 exist close to our shores. 00:08:04.635 --> 00:08:07.945 There's likely even more at these deeper depths that we just haven't 00:08:07.995 --> 00:08:10.805 had the ability to explore yet that will come to light soon. 00:08:11.285 --> 00:08:13.695 Susan: What were some of the tools that you used on that particular 00:08:13.695 --> 00:08:14.875 expedition in the Pacific? 00:08:15.745 --> 00:08:18.015 Justin: Yeah, this particular expedition was, it was more 00:08:18.015 --> 00:08:19.125 than just documenting the site. 00:08:19.125 --> 00:08:21.825 It was also trying to use some of the newer technologies available. 00:08:21.835 --> 00:08:26.094 So traditionally, when we document a wreck site, we often dive down with a slate. 00:08:26.625 --> 00:08:29.924 A number two pencil and mylar paper, and we actually sketch 00:08:29.984 --> 00:08:31.515 elements of the wreck underwater. 00:08:31.924 --> 00:08:35.255 Uh, but for this voyage specifically, we were interested 00:08:35.255 --> 00:08:36.544 in trying to use photogrammetry. 00:08:37.725 --> 00:08:41.564 Uh, so essentially taking hundreds of underwater photographs of the 00:08:41.564 --> 00:08:45.095 wreck, and then using computer software to stitch them all together. 00:08:45.314 --> 00:08:47.315 Susan: Wow, that's really cool. 00:08:47.375 --> 00:08:49.895 And, and that was relatively shallow water, right? 00:08:50.245 --> 00:08:50.845 Justin: Right, right. 00:08:50.845 --> 00:08:53.645 It was about 30 to 40 feet, so it was relatively shallow. 00:08:54.040 --> 00:08:58.250 But yes, with photogrammetry now, I mean, there's many parallels between the 00:08:58.310 --> 00:09:02.960 underwater photogrammetry and documenting work that we do at the shallower depths as 00:09:02.960 --> 00:09:07.180 divers and sort of the deep sea work that happens with some of these underwater R. 00:09:07.180 --> 00:09:07.260 O. 00:09:07.260 --> 00:09:07.630 V. 00:09:07.640 --> 00:09:07.770 S. 00:09:08.090 --> 00:09:12.180 As a shallower depth, we're able to actually take the photos ourselves, which 00:09:12.180 --> 00:09:15.400 gives us the ability to sort of manipulate the cameras a little bit more easily. 00:09:15.740 --> 00:09:17.870 We also have the benefit of having sunlight. 00:09:17.920 --> 00:09:22.425 Oftentimes Which allows us to to get better visuals on these wrecks. 00:09:22.795 --> 00:09:24.995 We say as the deeper you go, you have to sort of literally 00:09:25.005 --> 00:09:26.415 bring the sun down with you. 00:09:26.415 --> 00:09:30.074 So in some cases there's like really high powered strobe lights that need to be 00:09:30.074 --> 00:09:31.994 attached to these ROVs at deeper depths. 00:09:32.335 --> 00:09:35.994 But the ability to do this with handheld cameras means it's much 00:09:35.995 --> 00:09:38.785 cheaper and much more accessible for us at these shallower depths. 00:09:39.025 --> 00:09:41.585 Susan: And thinking about these super detailed models. 00:09:41.775 --> 00:09:45.745 This really preserves a view of the structure in time, right? 00:09:45.845 --> 00:09:49.125 These sites could be studied in a lab after the fact, without 00:09:49.125 --> 00:09:50.455 necessarily having to go back. 00:09:50.845 --> 00:09:51.645 Justin: Right, right. 00:09:51.645 --> 00:09:55.494 And you know, I think especially, you know, one of the benefits of the COVID 00:09:55.494 --> 00:10:00.355 situation is that it has shifted and sort of developed the lab work to a new level. 00:10:01.225 --> 00:10:04.585 And so there is a lot of maritime archaeology work that happens 00:10:04.595 --> 00:10:08.945 in laboratories now, with data processing and imaging and modeling. 00:10:09.670 --> 00:10:12.420 So in some cases we can actually model, you know, what would happen to 00:10:12.420 --> 00:10:16.890 a vessel of this size if it hit a reef at this angle and begin to explore new 00:10:16.900 --> 00:10:18.740 areas underwater once we get there. 00:10:18.740 --> 00:10:21.760 So, yeah, the lab work is becoming increasingly interesting. 00:10:22.740 --> 00:10:24.730 The other interesting element to the work we were doing in 00:10:24.929 --> 00:10:27.420 the Pacific is the ROV work. 00:10:27.820 --> 00:10:32.020 And, and I think that's something that is sort of becoming more accessible now. 00:10:32.425 --> 00:10:35.205 Now that these sort of technologies are becoming cheaper 00:10:35.225 --> 00:10:36.425 and more readily available. 00:10:37.165 --> 00:10:40.915 But traditionally, these are multi million dollar vessels that can 00:10:40.915 --> 00:10:43.124 really do the deep ocean dive work. 00:10:43.395 --> 00:10:47.724 Go down sometimes 3, 000 plus meters to the bottom of the ocean and take 00:10:47.725 --> 00:10:49.714 samples and photographs and video. 00:10:50.394 --> 00:10:54.704 Nowadays, we have much smaller ROVs that are tethered to a cable and 00:10:54.705 --> 00:10:57.425 we use those sometimes to go down just a hundred or two hundred feet. 00:10:57.784 --> 00:11:02.974 We had a much smaller ROV, about 2, 000 that we named Kevin, and we would have 00:11:02.974 --> 00:11:06.974 Kevin go down sometimes and look at sites and wrecks for us first before we dove in. 00:11:07.015 --> 00:11:11.614 It's making it safer for us as divers, but it also allows us to quickly explore an 00:11:11.624 --> 00:11:15.645 area to see if it is a site that we need to actually spend more time on or if it's 00:11:15.665 --> 00:11:17.135 just something that can be done quickly. 00:11:17.505 --> 00:11:18.515 Susan: I like that. 00:11:18.525 --> 00:11:23.074 So Kevin was doing some of the initial scoping versus you guys in a Zodiac diving 00:11:23.074 --> 00:11:24.805 over the side with weights and all that. 00:11:25.119 --> 00:11:25.859 Justin: Right, right. 00:11:25.869 --> 00:11:29.650 It also allowed me to put some of my video gaming skills to the task as 00:11:29.650 --> 00:11:31.369 we navigate these ROVs underwater. 00:11:31.940 --> 00:11:33.849 Susan: So many maritime heritage sites in the U. 00:11:33.849 --> 00:11:34.069 S. 00:11:34.069 --> 00:11:36.579 are protected within National Marine Sanctuaries. 00:11:36.700 --> 00:11:40.479 Can you tell us a little about sanctuaries as they relate to maritime heritage? 00:11:40.680 --> 00:11:44.079 Justin: The National Marine Sanctuaries are a very powerful tool and a very 00:11:44.079 --> 00:11:48.950 powerful placemaking sort of space for us in the United States, specifically, 00:11:49.419 --> 00:11:52.900 oftentimes, when we think of marine sanctuaries, we think of the marine life, 00:11:52.940 --> 00:11:57.550 which is, of course, equally as important, but there's all sorts of maritime heritage 00:11:57.559 --> 00:11:59.520 that exists in the sanctuary waters. 00:11:59.995 --> 00:12:03.115 To be honest, we still don't have a full catalog and inventory of 00:12:03.175 --> 00:12:04.685 all the heritage sites that exist. 00:12:05.215 --> 00:12:09.975 In places like Hawaii, we've got all kinds of sort of World War II 00:12:09.975 --> 00:12:12.615 wrecks that we mentioned earlier that are in some of these waters. 00:12:12.904 --> 00:12:15.975 Places like Lake Ontario and Hudson Canyon. 00:12:16.264 --> 00:12:19.314 We've got shipping vessels that were going between the United States 00:12:19.315 --> 00:12:21.275 and Canada dealing with trade. 00:12:21.325 --> 00:12:25.285 And then down in Florida, for example, We have literally hundreds 00:12:25.285 --> 00:12:27.515 of wrecks in marine sanctuary waters. 00:12:27.935 --> 00:12:31.105 And with the Chumash National Marine Sanctuary being the latest one coming on 00:12:31.105 --> 00:12:35.034 board, it's going to be more interesting, again, to see not only the sites that 00:12:35.034 --> 00:12:38.875 are underwater, but to really begin to engage this idea of how it is that 00:12:38.875 --> 00:12:43.755 Indigenous communities have and continue to engage with marine environments in 00:12:43.785 --> 00:12:45.765 interesting, unique, and powerful ways. 00:12:46.175 --> 00:12:48.735 Susan: And you mentioned the newly designated Chumash 00:12:48.755 --> 00:12:50.125 National Marine Sanctuary. 00:12:50.255 --> 00:12:51.734 That's off the coast of California. 00:12:51.735 --> 00:12:51.775 Yeah. 00:12:52.435 --> 00:12:55.265 The sites there are largely submerged settlements, aren't they? 00:12:55.535 --> 00:12:56.425 Justin: Correct, yes. 00:12:56.425 --> 00:13:00.015 And so as sea, sea levels rise, we of course get these settlements. 00:13:00.345 --> 00:13:03.555 Um, Channel Islands is another series of, of sites. 00:13:03.555 --> 00:13:06.414 A lot of people don't know, but uh, these Channel Islands were 00:13:06.414 --> 00:13:07.964 actually a larger land mass. 00:13:07.965 --> 00:13:11.484 And as sea level has risen, it's become these sort of separate islands. 00:13:11.494 --> 00:13:14.045 So there are likely indigenous sites that are underwater that were 00:13:14.045 --> 00:13:16.075 land sites at one point as well. 00:13:16.075 --> 00:13:18.425 So very interesting stories to be told. 00:13:19.230 --> 00:13:21.750 Susan: So Justone, what comes to mind when you think about the 00:13:21.760 --> 00:13:23.829 future of maritime archaeology? 00:13:24.370 --> 00:13:28.189 Justin: One of the reasons why I'm based at a university is because 00:13:28.189 --> 00:13:29.699 of the ability to train students. 00:13:30.205 --> 00:13:35.255 And there's a need, I think, to train students in part to begin to 00:13:35.255 --> 00:13:38.325 address this issue of representation in the field of maritime heritage 00:13:38.325 --> 00:13:39.575 and maritime archaeology. 00:13:40.105 --> 00:13:44.115 And yeah, I often tell people when you do archaeology in other countries 00:13:44.115 --> 00:13:47.594 and in certain spaces, they require these levels of credentials to be able 00:13:47.595 --> 00:13:49.615 to lead projects and ask questions. 00:13:50.065 --> 00:13:54.125 And if we don't have the representation, we don't have the questions being asked. 00:13:54.605 --> 00:13:57.604 And I tell them that's a force multiplier, so it's not just It's not just us as 00:13:57.604 --> 00:14:01.795 African Americans, but then it's also Asian Americans, Latino Americans, all 00:14:01.795 --> 00:14:06.505 kinds of different groups that then enter the picture and begin to ask questions 00:14:06.885 --> 00:14:11.214 of importance to them that help us to then illuminate this bigger human story 00:14:11.584 --> 00:14:13.774 about maritime history and heritage. 00:14:14.094 --> 00:14:17.504 And so I'm excited to see about the future of more indigenous 00:14:17.534 --> 00:14:21.514 underwater archaeologists, more underwater archaeologists of different 00:14:21.524 --> 00:14:24.884 backgrounds and different interests and seeing what that opens up. 00:14:24.954 --> 00:14:28.214 in terms of the possibility for understanding our underwater world. 00:14:28.645 --> 00:14:33.994 Susan: It certainly takes a wide variety of experiences and perspectives to ask 00:14:33.994 --> 00:14:35.624 all the right questions, doesn't it? 00:14:36.104 --> 00:14:36.524 Justin: Right. 00:14:36.785 --> 00:14:38.455 And they're fascinating and they're interesting and they're 00:14:38.455 --> 00:14:41.484 fun and exciting and scary and all of the things that we need. 00:14:41.514 --> 00:14:42.425 So it's good. 00:14:42.874 --> 00:14:45.734 Susan: This has been a really fascinating conversation, Justin. 00:14:45.774 --> 00:14:47.964 Are there any last thoughts that you'd like to share? 00:14:48.825 --> 00:14:51.995 Justin: Um, you know, I tell people that I often live by this motto of remember, 00:14:52.015 --> 00:14:56.214 remind and restore with this idea that we need to remember the past and what 00:14:56.214 --> 00:14:57.915 we've done as human beings on this earth. 00:14:58.385 --> 00:15:02.344 We need to remind each other of what's possible and what we've done. 00:15:02.754 --> 00:15:06.164 And then we also need to begin to restore those practices and those histories that 00:15:06.164 --> 00:15:07.745 are most important in the present moment. 00:15:08.234 --> 00:15:12.675 And so I think that's a sort of key takeaway that I sort of, of go by and I 00:15:12.985 --> 00:15:16.064 encourage others to sort of have their north star, their guiding light, their 00:15:16.064 --> 00:15:18.084 mantras that keep them moving forward. 00:15:18.525 --> 00:15:21.814 And then finally, you know, I tell people that the work of archaeology is more 00:15:21.814 --> 00:15:25.305 about asking the right questions than it is about finding the right answers. 00:15:25.805 --> 00:15:28.605 And there's always questions that can be asked. 00:15:28.774 --> 00:15:31.174 There's always things that are going to be left to be explored. 00:15:31.575 --> 00:15:34.085 And I think that's going to be the exciting point of 00:15:34.095 --> 00:15:35.355 archaeology coming forward. 00:15:35.735 --> 00:15:37.415 Susan: Remember, remind, restore. 00:15:37.435 --> 00:15:38.965 What a great way to look at it. 00:15:39.575 --> 00:15:42.115 Justin, thank you so much for being with us today. 00:15:42.165 --> 00:15:43.465 It was really a pleasure. 00:15:44.125 --> 00:15:44.415 Justin: Yeah. 00:15:44.415 --> 00:15:45.355 Thank you for the questions.