WEBVTT 00:00:00.640 --> 00:00:05.109 Hello everyone and welcome to the webinar on exploring the deep ocean world. This is 00:00:05.109 --> 00:00:09.540 the first in a series of ocean exploration webinars hosted by the NOAA Office of Ocean 00:00:09.540 --> 00:00:14.090 Exploration and Research. My name is Rache,l and before I introduce 00:00:14.090 --> 00:00:19.050 our speaker, a couple of housekeeping items: Today's chat will be about 25 minutes followed 00:00:19.050 --> 00:00:24.419 by around 20 minutes or so for a Q&A. Because of the large number of participants 00:00:24.419 --> 00:00:28.429 all microphones have been muted, but feel free to write any questions that you have 00:00:28.429 --> 00:00:32.310 in the chat box. Those will come to the staff and we will try 00:00:32.310 --> 00:00:36.989 to have our speaker answer them at the end of the seminar. 00:00:36.989 --> 00:00:40.920 So today we’re here with Katharine Egan, who is a scientist here at our office. 00:00:40.920 --> 00:00:45.739 Katharine is going to talk a little bit about the world of ocean exploration, our office, 00:00:45.739 --> 00:00:49.820 and the how and the why of deep-sea exploration. So welcome Katharine. 00:00:49.820 --> 00:00:57.239 Thank you, Rachel. Can you hear me? Okay. I can hear yes. 00:00:57.239 --> 00:01:03.910 Okay. Hi everybody. My name is Katharine Egan, huge thanks to Rachel for the introduction. 00:01:03.910 --> 00:01:08.950 As Rachel says I'm an associate scientist in the NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and 00:01:08.950 --> 00:01:15.159 Research, and I'm really excited to take you into the world of what we do to explore our 00:01:15.159 --> 00:01:19.470 oceans. So before we get into the deep sea, I want 00:01:19.470 --> 00:01:23.720 to take a step back and talk about the ocean itself. 00:01:23.720 --> 00:01:28.600 The ocean is so large and so deep, and it's deep-sea habitats so contrary to what we as 00:01:28.600 --> 00:01:32.951 humans need to survive, that it can be hard to envision what it's really like, and just 00:01:32.951 --> 00:01:39.030 how big it is. Like most things the ocean is something that 00:01:39.030 --> 00:01:42.540 most of us think about in terms of our own experiences. 00:01:42.540 --> 00:01:46.979 Maybe that's a memory of going to the beach as a kid, or fishing, or if you live further 00:01:46.979 --> 00:01:50.219 from the coast maybe a favorite story or a movie about the sea. 00:01:50.219 --> 00:01:55.640 If I ask you to imagine the ocean right now many people would envision a view from along 00:01:55.640 --> 00:02:00.000 the thin white margin in this image-- the boundary line where the ocean meets the land. 00:02:00.000 --> 00:02:05.310 Many of us will go our whole lives seeing the ocean from one perspective. 00:02:05.310 --> 00:02:13.410 This one-- the view from the coast. Some of us might have experience on the open 00:02:13.410 --> 00:02:18.410 ocean. Or maybe diving in its waters, like on this 00:02:18.410 --> 00:02:24.319 shallow coral reef. But for the most part humans tend to see the 00:02:24.319 --> 00:02:29.760 ocean at it's very edges and at its surface. I know personally, for myself, I spent a lot 00:02:29.760 --> 00:02:33.099 of time looking at the ocean from its edges like in this picture, which I took from the 00:02:33.099 --> 00:02:37.060 beach on Emerald Isle, North Carolina. It's very close to where I used to live in 00:02:37.060 --> 00:02:40.250 North Carolina. I always thought of the ocean this way, but 00:02:40.250 --> 00:02:44.099 after joining the Office of Ocean Exploration and Research, I know that the ocean is more 00:02:44.099 --> 00:02:51.260 than the view that I've always had. For thousands of years humans have recognized 00:02:51.260 --> 00:02:56.140 the importance of the ocean as a source of food and as a means of transportation. 00:02:56.140 --> 00:03:01.549 It's inspired mythologies and creation stories, and it has shaped culture. So this is a section 00:03:01.549 --> 00:03:06.970 of the Carta Marina, a 16th Century map. You can see Iceland and the surrounding seas, 00:03:06.970 --> 00:03:11.400 as well as ships and even drawings of mythical creatures. 00:03:11.400 --> 00:03:18.800 More recently, we've begun to understand the ocean’s role in climate regulation and weather 00:03:18.800 --> 00:03:23.960 patterns, the potential for compounds from some organisms like sponges to contribute 00:03:23.960 --> 00:03:28.530 to innovations in medicines, and as a source of critical minerals. 00:03:28.530 --> 00:03:32.170 Along these lines, importantly, we've also realized that the ocean is not a boundless 00:03:32.170 --> 00:03:37.610 resource and that our actions can profoundly affect the ocean we rely on for so much at 00:03:37.610 --> 00:03:40.230 the same time. We realize that we can't manage or conserve 00:03:40.230 --> 00:03:46.640 what we don't know. So that begs the question, how much do we 00:03:46.640 --> 00:03:50.580 know about the ocean? As it turns out, Maybe not as much as you’d 00:03:50.580 --> 00:03:53.329 think. I'd like you all to take a moment to think 00:03:53.329 --> 00:03:58.000 of how much of the seafloor that we've mapped. If you like, you can put your guesses in the 00:03:58.000 --> 00:04:03.640 chat right now. I’ll give you all a few moments to do that and then Rachel will relay 00:04:03.640 --> 00:04:07.640 some of those guesses to me. 00:04:07.640 --> 00:04:17.550 Thanks Katharine. I think I might actually have to switch a setting. I'm not getting 00:04:17.550 --> 00:04:22.680 anything. So let's see if that worked, if you want to, 00:04:22.680 --> 00:04:34.620 go ahead and try to ask a question now. Okay, we have some responses coming in. So 00:04:34.620 --> 00:04:42.460 Bill guesses 5%,from Michael another 2%, Georgia guesses 10%, Naman 7%, 1% from Anna, 20% from 00:04:42.460 --> 00:04:50.360 Tim, about 100% says Katie. So a wide range here. What's the, what's the 00:04:50.360 --> 00:05:01.670 response? Thanks, Rachel. So as it turns out that's 00:05:01.670 --> 00:05:05.750 a bit of a trick question because it really depends on what resolution you're talking 00:05:05.750 --> 00:05:10.990 about when we say the word “mapped.” So less than 20 percent of the world's seafloor 00:05:10.990 --> 00:05:15.190 has been mapped using modern high resolution technology. 00:05:15.190 --> 00:05:21.890 So we consider this mapped to resolution of a hundred meters or about 325 feet. 00:05:21.890 --> 00:05:25.850 So I want you all to take a moment and look at the map in the background of this slide 00:05:25.850 --> 00:05:29.960 here. This is a map focused on the US and showing 00:05:29.960 --> 00:05:33.990 other parts of the world as well. So you can see that there is a thin yellow 00:05:33.990 --> 00:05:37.980 line that's outlining the US Exclusive Economic Zone. 00:05:37.980 --> 00:05:45.080 So this is the US territory in the ocean and within that area you can see a lot of red. 00:05:45.080 --> 00:05:48.870 That red area shows places that have not been mapped yet. 00:05:48.870 --> 00:05:53.310 So if you look closely, you can see there are some blue lines and those are ship tracks 00:05:53.310 --> 00:05:57.470 where we've been able to conduct this high-resolution mapping in order to get information 00:05:57.470 --> 00:06:03.520 about the seafloor. So you might have noticed that when you see, 00:06:03.520 --> 00:06:08.250 say a Google Earth image like the one you see here, it looks like the whole ocean is 00:06:08.250 --> 00:06:10.750 mapped. You can even see some topographic details 00:06:10.750 --> 00:06:14.280 things like canyons. Actually in this picture you can see the Mid-Atlantic 00:06:14.280 --> 00:06:19.060 Ridge, which is right in the center of the Atlantic Basin there. 00:06:19.060 --> 00:06:25.260 But the resolution of this global data is generated by satellites and it's about a mile, 00:06:25.260 --> 00:06:28.460 meaning anything smaller than that would not be visible. 00:06:28.460 --> 00:06:32.910 So in terms of mapping the seafloor, there's clearly a lot we still don't know. 00:06:32.910 --> 00:06:41.070 This is an example of multibeam mapping, which allows us to collect information on the seafloor 00:06:41.070 --> 00:06:45.510 at a much finer resolution compared to satellite derived data. 00:06:45.510 --> 00:06:49.650 Multi-beam mapping involves using a multibeam Echosounder. 00:06:49.650 --> 00:06:54.750 We send a sound pulse, called a ping into the water column and it's transmitted at a 00:06:54.750 --> 00:07:00.050 specific frequency into the water column. This sound then hits the seafloor and travels 00:07:00.050 --> 00:07:04.130 back to a receiver. Using a computer we can determine how long 00:07:04.130 --> 00:07:09.220 it takes the ping to get back which can provide us information about the depth of the seafloor 00:07:09.220 --> 00:07:12.990 and also reveal information about the seafloor topography. 00:07:12.990 --> 00:07:16.660 We can assign a color range to the depth shown here in the picture, where the hotter colors 00:07:16.660 --> 00:07:21.830 are shallower areas. Finer resolution maps like this help us see 00:07:21.830 --> 00:07:26.610 greater detail of the ocean floor. It can also help us understand ocean processes 00:07:26.610 --> 00:07:30.710 and the kinds of habitats that might be present, and it can also help us predict things like 00:07:30.710 --> 00:07:35.870 submarine landslides which can damage underwater infrastructure or even cause tsunamis. 00:07:35.870 --> 00:07:42.850 Although we can visualize the seafloor using techniques like multibeam mapping, we still 00:07:42.850 --> 00:07:47.310 have only ever seen less than 5% of the seafloor with our own eyes. 00:07:47.310 --> 00:07:52.250 We do this by using things like remotely operated vehicles. 00:07:52.250 --> 00:07:56.560 So this is a close-up of Bear seamount which is about a hundred and thirty miles southeast 00:07:56.560 --> 00:08:00.030 of Cape Cod. On the magnified image on the bottom left 00:08:00.030 --> 00:08:04.440 you can see a tiny pink line. That's the path that our remotely operated 00:08:04.440 --> 00:08:10.460 vehicle called the Deep Discover took to visually survey the site of this underwater mountain. 00:08:10.460 --> 00:08:17.360 These sorts of visual observations help us understand physical processes, animal presence, 00:08:17.360 --> 00:08:21.810 and behavioral ecology and more on a much finer scale. 00:08:21.810 --> 00:08:25.160 Here you can see the Deep Discover alongside Bear seamount. 00:08:25.160 --> 00:08:30.530 You can also see close-ups of the geology and then one of the complex communities of 00:08:30.530 --> 00:08:37.659 life it supports. We live on a blue planet. The ocean covers 00:08:37.659 --> 00:08:41.560 over 70% of the Earth. And that's just a surface of the ocean. 00:08:41.560 --> 00:08:46.440 In addition to the surface and the seafloor, which we just talked about, there is of course 00:08:46.440 --> 00:08:51.190 a whole lot of water in between. In its deepest parts, the Mariana Trench, 00:08:51.190 --> 00:08:54.770 the ocean reaches depths greater than 35,000 feet. 00:08:54.770 --> 00:08:59.320 To give you a visual idea, if you put Mount Everest at the bottom of the Mariana Trench 00:08:59.320 --> 00:09:03.120 the peak would still be more than seven thousand feet below sea level! 00:09:03.120 --> 00:09:09.820 All that vertical area is called the water column and is home to many species just like 00:09:09.820 --> 00:09:16.050 the seafloor. So all in all there's a lot more to the ocean 00:09:16.050 --> 00:09:19.000 than what we usually see in our most typical view of it. 00:09:19.000 --> 00:09:23.780 Given how deep and large the ocean is, not to mention the high-pressure, cold, and dark 00:09:23.780 --> 00:09:27.700 of its deepwaters, much of it can be pretty difficult to study. 00:09:27.700 --> 00:09:35.020 Luckily there are many individuals and organizations devoted to filling this information gap. 00:09:35.020 --> 00:09:38.610 So I work for the NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research. 00:09:38.610 --> 00:09:43.540 But what is that exactly? In a nutshell, we were the only Federal program 00:09:43.540 --> 00:09:47.950 dedicated to exploring the deep ocean. We consider the deep ocean waters that are 00:09:47.950 --> 00:09:54.060 deeper than 200 meters or about 650 feet. We do this because the ocean is important 00:09:54.060 --> 00:09:57.430 to our everyday lives. It affects our economy, our food systems, 00:09:57.430 --> 00:10:00.930 our climate. It holds new medicines, natural resources, 00:10:00.930 --> 00:10:05.860 and even aspects of our own history. But as you know, despite its importance, it's 00:10:05.860 --> 00:10:13.310 largely unknown, especially the deep. Our office leads national efforts to explore 00:10:13.310 --> 00:10:19.110 our deep ocean by mapping the seafloor, gathering a wide variety of data, and making this information 00:10:19.110 --> 00:10:22.910 publicly available so it can be studied, analyzed, and applied. 00:10:22.910 --> 00:10:27.430 We explore the deep sea in many different ways, including by giving grants to other 00:10:27.430 --> 00:10:34.370 scientists and partnering to develop new technologies. One of the primary ways that we explore is 00:10:34.370 --> 00:10:43.240 using the NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer and our remotely operated vehicle, the Deep Discover. 00:10:43.240 --> 00:10:47.800 When we're at sea on an expedition, what we really are doing is collecting data. 00:10:47.800 --> 00:10:53.510 This includes video of our dives that is live-streamed to shore allowing more scientists to participate 00:10:53.510 --> 00:10:55.550 than just those that are physically on the ship. 00:10:55.550 --> 00:11:00.170 It also allows members of the public-- anyone with an internet connection-- to join the 00:11:00.170 --> 00:11:04.860 exploration in real time/ Other forms of data include images, that have both scientific 00:11:04.860 --> 00:11:09.230 value and can be used for public engagement activities like this one. 00:11:09.230 --> 00:11:12.910 We collect mapping data on both the seafloor and the water column. 00:11:12.910 --> 00:11:17.760 We also collect oceanographic data using CTDs, which are instruments that provide us information 00:11:17.760 --> 00:11:23.290 about the temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity, and more of the surrounding waters. 00:11:23.290 --> 00:11:29.050 TheCTD rosette is pictured here in the bottom right. 00:11:29.050 --> 00:11:34.250 Here you can also see our remotely operated vehicle (or ROV) Deep Discover, which is equipped 00:11:34.250 --> 00:11:42.750 with multiple cameras, a lighting system, and a manipulator arm. 00:11:42.750 --> 00:11:47.420 Using this manipulator arm and our suction sampler, we also collect a limited number 00:11:47.420 --> 00:11:54.040 of representative physical samples that meet our sample and criteria and have the potential 00:11:54.040 --> 00:11:58.840 to be important contributions to science. Specimens that might be new to science or 00:11:58.840 --> 00:12:08.480 represent a habitat extension, as an example. What are the most important aspects of our 00:12:08.480 --> 00:12:14.170 program is to make our data-- images, video, specimens, and more, publicly available to 00:12:14.170 --> 00:12:17.900 anybody who wants to use it. Pictured here is the mechanism by which we 00:12:17.900 --> 00:12:22.040 do this. Data are collected on the NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer. 00:12:22.040 --> 00:12:28.510 Those data are then archived in certain repositories for scientists to easily access them. 00:12:28.510 --> 00:12:32.290 That information is then used by members of the scientific community to drive research 00:12:32.290 --> 00:12:42.960 related to fish, deep-sea corals, the water column, submerged cultural resources and more. 00:12:42.960 --> 00:12:47.620 Now with that, we're happy to take any questions from the audience that they have about anything 00:12:47.620 --> 00:12:52.040 related to ocean exploration. So if you'd like to ask a question, we encourage 00:12:52.040 --> 00:12:57.529 you to please type it into the chat box and Rachel will then relay these questions to 00:12:57.529 --> 00:13:04.360 me. Thanks, Katharine. So we have one question-- 00:13:04.360 --> 00:13:11.310 I hope I’m saying the name correctly-- from Anyantha, who asks: 00:13:11.310 --> 00:13:15.930 So in the satellite image that you showed earlier, the Google Earth image-- what is 00:13:15.930 --> 00:13:22.110 the resolution of the image? Resolution of the image is about 1.5 kilometers 00:13:22.110 --> 00:13:34.680 or about 1 mile. So it's very coarse resolution compared to if we were to do fine scale, multibeam 00:13:34.680 --> 00:13:41.500 mapping. And we have another question. So what is the 00:13:41.500 --> 00:13:44.630 surprising thing that you've come across at sea? 00:13:44.630 --> 00:13:52.630 That's a really good question. So it's kind of a bit of a story. I started working in 00:13:52.630 --> 00:13:58.640 the Office of Ocean Exploration and Research in February of 2019. 00:13:58.640 --> 00:14:05.430 And so this was really my first time exposed to deep-sea exploration like this. Because 00:14:05.430 --> 00:14:12.050 my background is in shallow reef ecology, so I was really fascinated with everything 00:14:12.050 --> 00:14:18.470 and something that really struck me was my experiences with our Windows to the Deep 2019 00:14:18.470 --> 00:14:22.950 Expedition. I got to sail on the first leg of that expedition, 00:14:22.950 --> 00:14:27.880 which was all focused on conducting those mapping operations that I discussed earlier 00:14:27.880 --> 00:14:34.580 in the presentation and in the second leg, I got to help with some of the web coordination, 00:14:34.580 --> 00:14:40.480 and that's where we do all of our ROV dives. So my favorite moment was from that ROV dive. 00:14:40.480 --> 00:14:46.920 The ROV was just going along and all of a sudden we started seeing a whole bunch of 00:14:46.920 --> 00:14:51.920 sharks passing by the ROV. We were wondering what was going on to see 00:14:51.920 --> 00:14:56.291 all these, and these are dogfish shark. So they're only a couple feet long and all 00:14:56.291 --> 00:15:01.089 of a sudden the ROV comes up onto a fish carcass, a huge fish carcass. 00:15:01.089 --> 00:15:08.940 I think it was a swordfish. And all of these dogfish-- I mean there were like 20, maybe 00:15:08.940 --> 00:15:16.390 30, of them were just eating this fish carcass and it was just crazy to see-- 00:15:16.390 --> 00:15:23.970 I was very shocked and super intrigued and at that moment felt really happy about getting 00:15:23.970 --> 00:15:27.440 to work for an office that discovers such cool things. 00:15:27.440 --> 00:15:38.490 That's great. We have another question. How big is the Okeanos Explorer and how many 00:15:38.490 --> 00:15:44.940 people sail on it? Yeah, great question. So the Okeanos Explorer 00:15:44.940 --> 00:15:51.870 is 224 feet long. So to put that in perspective for you all, the average school bus is about 00:15:51.870 --> 00:15:54.779 35 feet. So that would be about six and a half school 00:15:54.779 --> 00:16:01.010 buses. So it's pretty big. The Okeanos has berthing for 49 people. So 00:16:01.010 --> 00:16:05.980 this includes the ship's crew and our science team members. 00:16:05.980 --> 00:16:14.880 Okay, and then we have Michael asking what benefits, medically, are there in exploring 00:16:14.880 --> 00:16:21.290 the ocean? So the ocean, in it's amazing biodiversity, 00:16:21.290 --> 00:16:26.360 offers many more organisms for scientists to discover and potentially develop these 00:16:26.360 --> 00:16:33.620 new medicines. So I think just making sure that we make sure 00:16:33.620 --> 00:16:38.940 that we fund scientists to find these organisms and that biodiversity that can contribute 00:16:38.940 --> 00:16:50.881 to medicine and provide those benefits. Okay, and then Michaela asks, what school 00:16:50.881 --> 00:16:57.210 did you go to and what did you study there? Super great question. So I did my undergraduate 00:16:57.210 --> 00:17:03.720 education at the University of Rhode Island, and I majored in Marine Biology. After that. 00:17:03.720 --> 00:17:08.270 I actually worked at NOAA for a little while and then I went to graduate school to get 00:17:08.270 --> 00:17:14.030 my masters degree in Marine Science at the University of the Virgin Islands in the U.S. 00:17:14.030 --> 00:17:19.190 Virgin Islands. Do you have any advice to someone who might 00:17:19.190 --> 00:17:27.270 be interested in this kind of career? Yeah, absolutely. Advice for undergraduate 00:17:27.270 --> 00:17:33.910 students, I would say, is to get experience, your classes of course are super important, 00:17:33.910 --> 00:17:37.260 and you can get experience in your labs and things like that. 00:17:37.260 --> 00:17:44.390 But you know pursuing internships and jobs related to your field is probably the most 00:17:44.390 --> 00:17:49.300 important thing that you can do that will provide you with a lot of real world experience 00:17:49.300 --> 00:17:54.140 before you then enter the job market. I would say the same also goes for high school 00:17:54.140 --> 00:17:56.720 students who are interested in Marine Science too. 00:17:56.720 --> 00:18:03.200 There's lots you can do: volunteer at a local aquarium or even a zoo, you know, there are 00:18:03.200 --> 00:18:06.870 opportunities that NOAA also has for high school students and definitely for undergraduate 00:18:06.870 --> 00:18:14.000 and graduate students too, so I really encourage you all to check out careers.noaa.gov . 00:18:14.000 --> 00:18:21.080 They provide a lot of information on internships and fellowships and whatnot. 00:18:21.080 --> 00:18:29.980 And also you can check out our website OceanExplorer.noaa.gov. We have a career opportunity page there as 00:18:29.980 --> 00:18:36.070 well. Awesome. So reading this is a shout-out from 00:18:36.070 --> 00:18:42.500 a teacher: “My students have really been enjoying the rebroadcast of the dives recently, 00:18:42.500 --> 00:18:46.950 although we watch live in class, because this is something to talk about right now. Thanks!” 00:18:46.950 --> 00:18:54.460 So that's a great opportunity to mention that we are rebroadcasting some of our more exciting 00:18:54.460 --> 00:18:58.710 past dives from the last few years, mostly on Tuesdays. 00:18:58.710 --> 00:19:05.380 So if you check out our website again you can join in. Those are on Tuesday afternoons 00:19:05.380 --> 00:19:12.130 for the next few weeks. I've also been really enjoying the rebroadcast. 00:19:12.130 --> 00:19:16.480 I put them in the background while I'm working on Tuesdays. 00:19:16.480 --> 00:19:25.020 So we have a question from Claudia who asks, “how large is the ocean exploration department?” 00:19:25.020 --> 00:19:31.540 Great question. So our office has about 50 people. So most of the people sit in Silver 00:19:31.540 --> 00:19:36.540 Spring, Maryland, where NOAA is headquartered. So that's just outside Washington, DC. But 00:19:36.540 --> 00:19:41.790 we have people in Washington State, Mississippi, South Carolina, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire. 00:19:41.790 --> 00:19:52.950 So we are very spread out. And so Andy asked, “how can a zoologist 00:19:52.950 --> 00:19:57.150 join now or in the future?” That's a super great question. Well, I guess 00:19:57.150 --> 00:20:02.380 it's a good time to talk about telepresence. And so like I said a little earlier on in 00:20:02.380 --> 00:20:09.220 the presentation, we use telepresence technology, which allows us to stream our ROV Dives 00:20:09.220 --> 00:20:14.799 back to shore so that way anybody can participate in the dive, and we are always looking for 00:20:14.799 --> 00:20:20.620 scientists onshore in particular to participate in our dives and actually help us annotate 00:20:20.620 --> 00:20:26.809 the dives. So if you're a scientist who especially has 00:20:26.809 --> 00:20:32.210 experience in, say, deep-sea creatures we could really use your expertise and identifying 00:20:32.210 --> 00:20:36.010 organisms. So I would really encourage you to keep an 00:20:36.010 --> 00:20:42.370 eye on our website to figure out when those next ROV dives are going to be and you can 00:20:42.370 --> 00:20:45.910 also check out, once again. I'm going to plug careers.noaa.gov, to look 00:20:45.910 --> 00:20:52.530 for other opportunities to join NOAA whether that's through an internship or a fellowship. 00:20:52.530 --> 00:20:57.380 Okay, thanks Katharine. Also, what does it mean to annotate a dive? 00:20:57.380 --> 00:21:04.320 Oh, yeah, great question. So we have our onshore scientists who watch the dive live. You don't 00:21:04.320 --> 00:21:09.080 even need to be on shore, sometimes the scientists on the ship do this too. 00:21:09.080 --> 00:21:17.980 And when we see a creature pass by on the camera, the onshore scientists will mark when 00:21:17.980 --> 00:21:23.990 that creature was spotted, like the time, and also will be able to pull information 00:21:23.990 --> 00:21:28.180 from those oceanographic instruments that I mentioned about what the surrounding water 00:21:28.180 --> 00:21:33.490 column, dissolved oxygen, salinity and whatnot, is as well. We do this through a platform 00:21:33.490 --> 00:21:39.120 called SeaTube. You can find out, of course, more on our website 00:21:39.120 --> 00:21:45.590 OceanExplorer.noaa.gov. So this allows anybody to look at our dives and annotate them in 00:21:45.590 --> 00:21:49.140 real time for us. And this is really valuable. This will help 00:21:49.140 --> 00:21:54.260 scientists, you know, know how many organisms were spotted and where they were spotted which 00:21:54.260 --> 00:21:59.580 can give us more information about where else these creatures might be located. 00:21:59.580 --> 00:22:08.320 Awesome. Thank you. So Presley asks, “is there a reason that we haven't explored the 00:22:08.320 --> 00:22:15.210 waters closer to Alaska?” Yeah, definitely. So right now it's actually, 00:22:15.210 --> 00:22:20.890 it's quite a hard-to-reach place for us, but we have had some expeditions in Alaska. 00:22:20.890 --> 00:22:25.610 I know I keep saying this but please check out our website for more information on that 00:22:25.610 --> 00:22:31.330 and actually our office is currently working with the science community in Alaska to identify 00:22:31.330 --> 00:22:34.690 priority areas to start working there so I encourage you all to stay 00:22:34.690 --> 00:22:40.090 tuned for that. We'll have more information on our website in the future. 00:22:40.090 --> 00:22:46.530 Okay, and Anya says “what is your favorite part of your job?” 00:22:46.530 --> 00:22:53.200 Oh goodness. So many things, I think my job is so interesting. I really like the opportunity 00:22:53.200 --> 00:22:58.240 to sail. Like I said last year was my first time joining 00:22:58.240 --> 00:23:04.290 the office. I had never sailed on any kind of expedition before or really had any experience 00:23:04.290 --> 00:23:09.620 with ships. And so I got to sail on the Okeanos last May 00:23:09.620 --> 00:23:13.690 for a mapping expedition. Anyways, it was wonderful, I got to learn 00:23:13.690 --> 00:23:17.890 everything there is to know about seafloor mapping. 00:23:17.890 --> 00:23:23.160 It was super interesting and I think, an incredible skill set to have, so I'm really looking forward 00:23:23.160 --> 00:23:35.540 to getting back out in the field soon. Katie says, “how many oceans have you explored?” 00:23:35.540 --> 00:23:43.430 So we always say that there's one world ocean. But our office has explored many ocean basins, 00:23:43.430 --> 00:23:47.809 of course the Atlantic, the Pacific, the Indian, and the Arctic Ocean. 00:23:47.809 --> 00:23:54.110 So we've covered quite a bit of ground, but there's still a lot more ground left to cover. 00:23:54.110 --> 00:24:01.790 All right, and then Matthew asks, what are some of the criteria for collecting samples 00:24:01.790 --> 00:24:13.000 in the deep sea? So our philosophy that guides our sampling 00:24:13.000 --> 00:24:19.970 during our exploration expeditions on the Okeanos. It differs from cruise to cruise 00:24:19.970 --> 00:24:27.110 and expedition. So the underlying goal of collecting our samples 00:24:27.110 --> 00:24:35.110 is to have a baseline idea about the physical, chemical, geological, and biological 00:24:35.110 --> 00:24:42.460 components of the area that were exploring so collecting biological and geological specimens 00:24:42.460 --> 00:24:52.620 is a part of getting this baseline information. However, we do limit how many samples we collect 00:24:52.620 --> 00:24:58.380 in an area and only collect as many that'll help us give a representative view of that 00:24:58.380 --> 00:25:05.260 particular area. We're also limited by the onboard storage 00:25:05.260 --> 00:25:12.070 capacity for samples and also limited by the storage capacity on the ROV, which is where 00:25:12.070 --> 00:25:17.930 the samples are stored until they come back up to the surface. 00:25:17.930 --> 00:25:26.600 I think that I think that covers our sampling capabilities. Hope that answers your question. 00:25:26.600 --> 00:25:33.040 Thanks. So Myles asks, “how did you get your start at NOAA and in deep-sea exploration? 00:25:33.040 --> 00:25:36.320 Any suggestions for people trying to enter this industry?” 00:25:36.320 --> 00:25:44.190 Yeah, super, super great questions. So I actually got my start at NOAA through, it's called 00:25:44.190 --> 00:25:52.100 the Earnest F. Holling Scholarship Program. It's for undergraduates who are in their sophomore 00:25:52.100 --> 00:25:56.930 year at school. It's a scholarship program and you get to 00:25:56.930 --> 00:26:03.480 do an internship at a NOAA facility anywhere in the country the summer after your junior 00:26:03.480 --> 00:26:12.320 year at college. It was a fantastic experience. I did my internship with the National Centers 00:26:12.320 --> 00:26:18.120 for Coastal Ocean Science at NOAA. So I worked with them for a summer and then I went back 00:26:18.120 --> 00:26:24.260 to that office after I finished up undergraduate as a contractor. 00:26:24.260 --> 00:26:28.001 So that's one bit of advice I'd offer if you're looking to get into this industry. There's 00:26:28.001 --> 00:26:33.620 a lot of companies out there that contract with NOAA and that's a really good way to 00:26:33.620 --> 00:26:36.070 look for jobs and get into federal government work. 00:26:36.070 --> 00:26:41.870 I also encourage you to look at USA Jobs. There's a lot of positions advertised there 00:26:41.870 --> 00:26:49.820 at NOAA, and of course, once again careers.noaa.gov. So I worked for that office at NOAA for a 00:26:49.820 --> 00:26:55.130 bit. And then I started with the Office of Ocean Exploration and Research as a Marine 00:26:55.130 --> 00:27:01.870 Policy Fellow through a program called the John A. Knauss Policy Fellowship. 00:27:01.870 --> 00:27:10.440 It's a fellowship program for folks who are still in grad school or just about finishing 00:27:10.440 --> 00:27:14.740 up grad school and they're interested in marine policy. 00:27:14.740 --> 00:27:22.230 So it's a one year paid fellowship with a government entity to essentially learn all 00:27:22.230 --> 00:27:27.570 things marine or environmental policy that's going on within that office. 00:27:27.570 --> 00:27:32.170 So that's how I got involved with NOAA and then since the end of my fellowship I've moved 00:27:32.170 --> 00:27:42.309 over into a full-time employee with NOAA OER. So related to that, Gaia asks, “what does 00:27:42.309 --> 00:27:51.650 a day in the life look like on the Okeanos Explorer? So who's on the ship?” 00:27:51.650 --> 00:27:59.190 I can speak personally to what the mapping cruises are like and then Rachel, you have 00:27:59.190 --> 00:28:04.690 experience on an ROV cruise. Do you want to maybe answer this after I give the mapping 00:28:04.690 --> 00:28:06.990 cruise overview? Yeah. Sure. 00:28:06.990 --> 00:28:16.850 Sorry to put you on the spot there. So a day in the life on a mapping cruise can be really 00:28:16.850 --> 00:28:20.010 variable. So generally everybody who is helping out 00:28:20.010 --> 00:28:26.429 with the mapping operations has a shift that they work to conduct the mapping operations 00:28:26.429 --> 00:28:30.910 because we do 24-hour mapping operations. So we are always mapping the seafloor during 00:28:30.910 --> 00:28:34.960 a mapping cruise. And therefore we need to have people what 00:28:34.960 --> 00:28:39.190 we call standing “on watch” to conduct that mapping cruise and make sure nothing 00:28:39.190 --> 00:28:44.440 goes crazy or wrong with the equipment that's going on. So on the mapping cruise that I 00:28:44.440 --> 00:28:49.730 went on last year. My shift was just a regular nine-to-five shift 00:28:49.730 --> 00:28:54.980 and basically what you're doing is you're ensuring that the mapping data is coming in 00:28:54.980 --> 00:29:00.309 and you're cleaning it up and getting it prepared for people to use. 00:29:00.309 --> 00:29:06.559 We try to make sure our mapping data is available to the public 90 days after an expedition. 00:29:06.559 --> 00:29:11.990 So we're really on top of making sure the mapping data are cleaned up while we're conducting 00:29:11.990 --> 00:29:16.640 the cruise. On the mapping cruise that I went on last 00:29:16.640 --> 00:29:22.550 year, we also did CTD casts. It involves stopping the ship and then we 00:29:22.550 --> 00:29:28.010 drop down our CTD as I stated earlier in the presentation. 00:29:28.010 --> 00:29:32.669 That's an instrument that provides us information about the surrounding waters like the temperature 00:29:32.669 --> 00:29:40.880 and the oxygen and the salinity and we basically lower the CTD right down into the water column 00:29:40.880 --> 00:29:44.940 and bring it back up and it gives us this really cool profile of what the temperature 00:29:44.940 --> 00:29:48.490 looks like from the surface all the way to the sea floor. 00:29:48.490 --> 00:29:55.360 So we did that during one day as well. So Rachel, I don't know if you want to talk 00:29:55.360 --> 00:29:59.289 a little bit about what the ROV operations look like on a day-to-day basis? 00:29:59.289 --> 00:30:06.250 Yeah, definitely. So first of all, I am on the communications and engagement team here 00:30:06.250 --> 00:30:12.741 at our office, the Office of Ocean Exploration and Research. I participated on an expedition 00:30:12.741 --> 00:30:16.799 last fall. So this was an ROV cruise. So that means that 00:30:16.799 --> 00:30:22.351 we were actually going ahead and using ROV Deep Discoverer and you know, 00:30:22.351 --> 00:30:30.090 sending down the ROVs in the mornings, broadcasting those dives to scientists ashore and also 00:30:30.090 --> 00:30:36.710 then being narrated by our onboard geologist and biologist, 00:30:36.710 --> 00:30:42.200 and then as the web coordinator, which is the role I was filling on this expedition, 00:30:42.200 --> 00:30:45.919 I would watch the dive as it was going on live. 00:30:45.919 --> 00:30:50.360 I would answer questions on Twitter and Facebook and Instagram. 00:30:50.360 --> 00:30:55.419 So if you want to find us on any of those platforms, you're always free to check out 00:30:55.419 --> 00:31:01.460 our past photos and ask questions and we try to get back to any of the questions that you 00:31:01.460 --> 00:31:07.850 have about the dive. Also, I would write a daily summary. 00:31:07.850 --> 00:31:12.010 So you post summaries of the dive at the end of each day or sometimes the next day depending 00:31:12.010 --> 00:31:18.799 on the timing, about what the highlights of that dive were, why they were selected. 00:31:18.799 --> 00:31:25.580 You know, usually it's a pretty involved process as to why they choose each dive site-- a lot 00:31:25.580 --> 00:31:29.840 of planning goes into it, you know, asking resource managers, asking the community, 00:31:29.840 --> 00:31:34.570 asking scientists about which dive sites we should go too. 00:31:34.570 --> 00:31:39.559 And then sometimes you know, you have bad weather and you end up having to rethink and 00:31:39.559 --> 00:31:43.110 to select your plan B. we'll write about that so that people who 00:31:43.110 --> 00:31:49.549 weren't able to you know, look at the actual live stream can read up on where we went to, 00:31:49.549 --> 00:31:58.250 we also post those and we work with videographers who are on the ship to create highlight videos 00:31:58.250 --> 00:32:02.640 of the dives and is and summary videos of the entire expedition. 00:32:02.640 --> 00:32:09.360 Yeah, it's a lot of different little tasks trying to put together, from the communication 00:32:09.360 --> 00:32:15.950 perspective, to relate as much of the experience as we can back to the public. 00:32:15.950 --> 00:32:21.510 Thanks, Rachel. Yeah, actually, kind of related to this question, 00:32:21.510 --> 00:32:27.419 we have one one attendee who says, “Love your Instagram feed. Of all the life forms 00:32:27.419 --> 00:32:32.480 that you observe, which one fascinates you the most and why?” 00:32:32.480 --> 00:32:39.880 I would have to say that the deep-sea corals fascinate me. I think this just comes from 00:32:39.880 --> 00:32:43.750 the fact that I'm interested in coral reefs in general. 00:32:43.750 --> 00:32:52.309 Like I said, my background was in shallow coral reef ecology and seeing the deep-sea 00:32:52.309 --> 00:32:54.710 corals is always incredibly fascinating to me. 00:32:54.710 --> 00:32:58.830 They're such you know, odd colors. They're kind of just located everywhere. 00:32:58.830 --> 00:33:05.390 There's some types of deep-sea corals that form these massive underwater reefs that nobody 00:33:05.390 --> 00:33:10.870 knows about or has ever seen before. I just think that's so cool. And they provide 00:33:10.870 --> 00:33:18.000 habitat for lots of really interesting deep-sea fish and other organisms. 00:33:18.000 --> 00:33:23.289 So I'm always really interested when we stumble across a lot of coral and these deep reefs 00:33:23.289 --> 00:33:28.750 just to get to see the life that lives around them. 00:33:28.750 --> 00:33:33.860 We have Melinda asking. “could I participate in this program?” 00:33:33.860 --> 00:33:39.070 Yeah, absolutely. There's lots of ways that you can get involved. So I'm going to talk 00:33:39.070 --> 00:33:43.850 a little bit more about that. You know, we live stream our ROV dives back 00:33:43.850 --> 00:33:52.660 to shore. So staying involved that way is one way that you can participate in this program. 00:33:52.660 --> 00:33:58.669 You can also just kind of do things in your everyday life that you know, support the ocean 00:33:58.669 --> 00:34:05.970 and support education about the ocean as well. So really encourage anybody who'd like to 00:34:05.970 --> 00:34:12.210 participate to get engaged with your community and educate yourselves about ocean issues 00:34:12.210 --> 00:34:17.909 and you know continue to question known answers and solutions. 00:34:17.909 --> 00:34:23.020 You can also help by spreading the word about the ocean and how super cool it is, I mean 00:34:23.020 --> 00:34:28.009 deep ocean exploration is so, so interesting. So telling other people about all the cool 00:34:28.009 --> 00:34:33.609 things you see on our live stream ROV dives is incredibly helpful and definitely a way 00:34:33.609 --> 00:34:39.020 that you can, you know, make people aware of the deep sea and the fact that it's incredibly 00:34:39.020 --> 00:34:43.719 unexplored. And another way to participate is if you're 00:34:43.719 --> 00:34:50.419 a scientist or researcher manager or anybody who's just interested in this at all, anybody 00:34:50.419 --> 00:34:57.450 can access the data that we collect within just a few months after an expedition. 00:34:57.450 --> 00:35:04.460 So getting involved in the program using the data is a really good way to do that. 00:35:04.460 --> 00:35:12.630 Thanks, so a question from Michael: “How much time do you spend in the lab versus in 00:35:12.630 --> 00:35:19.219 the field?” Great question Michael. So it kind of depends, 00:35:19.219 --> 00:35:27.739 I'll just speak from personal experience. So most of my time is spent in the office 00:35:27.739 --> 00:35:32.729 doing work that's related to being on the computer, like analyzing and looking at our 00:35:32.729 --> 00:35:35.990 data that we collect. So that's one aspect of my job that I find 00:35:35.990 --> 00:35:41.920 incredibly interesting and then I would say a lot of us get an opportunity to maybe sail 00:35:41.920 --> 00:35:45.170 once or twice a year, kind of depends on what your role is. 00:35:45.170 --> 00:35:50.789 In the office, we have expedition coordinators who sit in our office and they sail a whole 00:35:50.789 --> 00:35:55.160 bunch, same goes with the folks who help run our mapping operations. 00:35:55.160 --> 00:36:00.890 They sail quite a bit as well. I myself will probably just sail one or two times through 00:36:00.890 --> 00:36:08.690 the year and I can talk a little bit about how long our expeditions are as well. 00:36:08.690 --> 00:36:14.710 Let's see here. I have a little cheat sheet because it really depends on how long they 00:36:14.710 --> 00:36:25.609 are. So our expeditions are about eighteen to twenty-six 00:36:25.609 --> 00:36:31.999 days at a time with four to five days in port between trips. 00:36:31.999 --> 00:36:38.270 So many of our expeditions consist of three of these, we call them legs, an expedition, 00:36:38.270 --> 00:36:43.249 but a total expedition combining all of the legs together is about 54 to 78 days at sea, 00:36:43.249 --> 00:36:48.410 and we try to do multiple expeditions per field season. So I think you can imagine, 00:36:48.410 --> 00:36:56.559 that's a ton of time at sea. Awesome. So Georgia says “hello from the 00:36:56.559 --> 00:37:02.400 UK. I am studying for my A-levels at the moment . What steps and extracurricular activities 00:37:02.400 --> 00:37:07.450 would you suggest I do to one day have my dream job of exploring the deep-sea?” So 00:37:07.450 --> 00:37:11.329 good luck, Georgia. I'm also going to note right here that we're 00:37:11.329 --> 00:37:15.719 going to go ahead and put some links to career information for folks who are interested in 00:37:15.719 --> 00:37:24.999 the chat box so you should be able to get those. Yeah, Georgia, good luck on your a-levels! 00:37:24.999 --> 00:37:29.800 Wish you the best. I hope they go well for you. Just ways to 00:37:29.800 --> 00:37:34.160 stay involved and I think mentioned this a little earlier on in the Q&A is just making 00:37:34.160 --> 00:37:37.380 sure you're getting experience in the field that you're interested in. 00:37:37.380 --> 00:37:44.589 So doing internships, volunteering, doing fellowships, anything that's related at all 00:37:44.589 --> 00:37:51.599 to your field of interest is probably the most important thing you can do to meet your 00:37:51.599 --> 00:38:04.319 excellent career aspirations. So Tim says, “I often hear ocean exploration 00:38:04.319 --> 00:38:09.130 being likened to space exploration. Is there any truth to this as far as technology goes 00:38:09.130 --> 00:38:15.119 or similar research goals?” Yeah, definitely. Absolutely. I would say 00:38:15.119 --> 00:38:26.940 yes, as far as the research goals go. So many of you know that space and oceans 00:38:26.940 --> 00:38:31.109 are not the same, they are of course completely different environments, but there are a lot 00:38:31.109 --> 00:38:35.609 of parallels when it comes to these research goals. 00:38:35.609 --> 00:38:40.369 There's a lot of space that we don't know about and there's a lot about the oceans that 00:38:40.369 --> 00:38:46.089 we don't know about actually. Our office has partnered with NASA to test 00:38:46.089 --> 00:38:50.960 technologies for both space and deep-ocean exploration. 00:38:50.960 --> 00:38:56.140 So by joining ocean and space exploration you're able to develop better tools and technologies 00:38:56.140 --> 00:39:01.589 to study Earth and other planets and also learn more about our planet as well as those 00:39:01.589 --> 00:39:06.029 beyond in space. So definitely a lot of similarities between 00:39:06.029 --> 00:39:13.079 the two. Great, and we have Melanie who says, “once 00:39:13.079 --> 00:39:21.119 the remote vehicles are submerged, how long does it stay exploring?” 00:39:21.119 --> 00:39:27.140 On the Okeanos Explorer we launched the ROV in the morning, sometime around 8:00 a.m. 00:39:27.140 --> 00:39:33.380 And that's 8 a.m. in the time zone that we are working in and we tried to have it back 00:39:33.380 --> 00:39:39.630 on the ship for dinner time. So we have a really deep dives, our ROV can 00:39:39.630 --> 00:39:46.479 actually go down 3.7 miles, which is crazy to think about. 00:39:46.479 --> 00:39:54.400 It can take a very long time for the ROV to reach the seafloor, sometimes up to one or 00:39:54.400 --> 00:39:59.330 two hours, and then it could take a long time for, of course, the ROV to come back up again. 00:39:59.330 --> 00:40:05.709 So this means that there's less time for exploring the seafloor and even the water column. 00:40:05.709 --> 00:40:11.229 So sometimes we extend the length of the dives to ensure that we're collecting as much information 00:40:11.229 --> 00:40:23.380 as possible. Okay, so Michael asks, what is the importance 00:40:23.380 --> 00:40:29.109 of mapping the seabed? Great question Michael. So seafloor mapping 00:40:29.109 --> 00:40:35.960 is super important because it's the first step that we take in exploring the ocean. 00:40:35.960 --> 00:40:47.260 So where we collect the seafloor mapping data, it drives and provides us with information 00:40:47.260 --> 00:40:51.819 about where we need to do our targeted remotely operated vehicle dives. 00:40:51.819 --> 00:40:55.130 So it's super, super important. So I mentioned earlier on that mapping data 00:40:55.130 --> 00:41:00.150 provides us information about what the seafloor topography looks like or enables us to get 00:41:00.150 --> 00:41:08.440 information about, you know, deep-sea canyons and seamounts and all this kind of crazy cool 00:41:08.440 --> 00:41:11.719 habitat. And then once we have that information that 00:41:11.719 --> 00:41:16.130 we get from the mapping data, we can send the ROV down and take a look at the really 00:41:16.130 --> 00:41:21.359 cool habitats that are associated with the interesting typography that we see. 00:41:21.359 --> 00:41:28.880 We have another question. This one's from Olivia: “who studies the organisms that 00:41:28.880 --> 00:41:33.109 are collected during the cruises? Does NOAA have labs or are they sent to universities 00:41:33.109 --> 00:41:38.549 to study?” That is an excellent question. So all of the 00:41:38.549 --> 00:41:44.489 biological samples that we collect on the Okeanos Explorer are archived at the National 00:41:44.489 --> 00:41:48.859 Museum of Natural History at the Smithsonian Institution. 00:41:48.859 --> 00:41:54.200 So the museum catalogs, curates, and makes the samples publicly available for anybody 00:41:54.200 --> 00:42:00.690 who would like to study them. We also collect geological samples and NOAA 00:42:00.690 --> 00:42:05.869 has partnered with Oregon State University through its Co-operative Institute of Marine 00:42:05.869 --> 00:42:11.740 Resource Studies in order to archive geological samples. 00:42:11.740 --> 00:42:16.739 So geological samples are sent here and anybody who wishes to study them can request to do 00:42:16.739 --> 00:42:26.930 so. Thanks Katharine. I'm just sending out now 00:42:26.930 --> 00:42:35.779 a link to our career page with that since we've talked about careers a few times. 00:42:35.779 --> 00:42:42.130 So we have one other question, this one from Amy and she says, “what sort of criteria 00:42:42.130 --> 00:42:50.660 or things drive the decision on where the next ROV or mapping expedition will occur?” 00:42:50.660 --> 00:42:55.460 Thanks Amy. That's a great question. So we actually work very closely with the science 00:42:55.460 --> 00:43:04.049 and resource management communities to identify places for exploration and we do this in a 00:43:04.049 --> 00:43:08.309 number of ways. We can host a workshop with the science and 00:43:08.309 --> 00:43:12.739 resource management communities and have them provide us input on where we should be conducting 00:43:12.739 --> 00:43:19.130 exploration and expeditions. We also offer the community an option to let 00:43:19.130 --> 00:43:22.799 us know online via a number of tools that we use. 00:43:22.799 --> 00:43:32.810 So it's an incredibly collaborative process and considering that the ocean is huge, the 00:43:32.810 --> 00:43:36.059 breadth and scope of ocean exploration, it would be impossible for us to meet our 00:43:36.059 --> 00:43:41.049 mission without working closely with the community to help us identify these ocean exploration 00:43:41.049 --> 00:43:52.950 priorities. I think we have time for one more question. 00:43:52.950 --> 00:43:57.960 So we have “where did the name Okeanos come from?” 00:43:57.960 --> 00:44:05.039 That's an excellent question. So Okeanos Explorer was named by a team of five students from 00:44:05.039 --> 00:44:11.200 Woodstock High School in Woodstock, Illinois. So the team won NOAA's nationwide ship-naming 00:44:11.200 --> 00:44:19.009 contest with its name selection and supporting an educational project and “Okeanos” is 00:44:19.009 --> 00:44:25.400 the ancient Greek word for ocean. All right. Thank you Katharine. Thank you 00:44:25.400 --> 00:44:29.509 so much for your time today. Thank you, everyone who joined us. 00:44:29.509 --> 00:44:35.200 We really appreciate your interest and all the great questions that came through. Unfortunately. 00:44:35.200 --> 00:44:42.420 We are about to 1:45pm, our ending time. If we didn't have enough time to get to your 00:44:42.420 --> 00:44:48.799 question, there were quite a few, you can always email us at OceanExplorer@ NOAA.org, 00:44:48.799 --> 00:44:54.640 that address is also found on our website and you can always find us on Facebook or 00:44:54.640 --> 00:45:00.999 Twitter and you know, feel free to kind of engage with us there, ask questions there. 00:45:00.999 --> 00:45:06.719 Also, check out our website OceanExplorer.noaa.gov, where you can learn more about the different 00:45:06.719 --> 00:45:09.170 topics. We touched on today. We're also restreaming 00:45:09.170 --> 00:45:12.990 some of the dives from previous years, as I mentioned. 00:45:12.990 --> 00:45:20.709 And one last note, we're doing this again next week! We're going to have a chat on the 00:45:20.709 --> 00:45:23.999 water column with Dr. Adrienne Copeland with the office. 00:45:23.999 --> 00:45:29.969 I just put a link to the webinar registration if you'd like to join that one, we'd be happy 00:45:29.969 --> 00:45:30.300 to have you.